Peer-reviewed research

Scientific work for trustworthy decisions.

Research in Bayesian machine learning, uncertainty quantification, evidence-governed AI, healthcare, autonomous systems, fraud detection, decision intelligence, and optimization.

Research standard

Rigor for high-stakes environments

TeraSystemsAI research is organized around measurable reliability, explicit assumptions, reproducible methods, and disciplined limits on what an intelligent system may claim or decide.

01

Trustworthiness

Evidence strength, uncertainty, provenance, and limitations remain visible throughout the reasoning process.

02

Efficiency

Methods are evaluated not only for accuracy, but also for operational usefulness, latency, and deployment constraints.

03

Reliability

Robustness, calibration, failure modes, and degraded conditions are treated as central scientific questions.

04

Accountability

Human oversight, traceability, abstention, and responsibility boundaries are built into the research design.

Publication record

Selected peer-reviewed publications

Each paper is presented with its publication record, core scientific contribution, and direct DOI link. Promotional view counts and unverifiable impact claims are intentionally excluded.

7 publications
2026June
Evidence-Governed AIBayesian RAGOpen Access

BRAG: Bayesian Retrieval-Augmented Generation; A Methodological Framework for Evidence-Governed Decision Support

Lebede Ngartera, Saralees Nadarajah, Rodoumta Koina, Youssou Gningue

Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, 8(6):151

Contribution. Introduces a Bayesian, evidence-governed framework that quantifies epistemic uncertainty over retrieved evidence and carries that uncertainty into generation, enabling systems to qualify, defer, or abstain when support is insufficient.
Governance

Conclusions remain bound to evidence strength and provenance.

Uncertainty

Epistemic uncertainty is surfaced rather than hidden behind fluent output.

Method

A reusable framework for trustworthy retrieval-augmented decision support.

2026March
Decision IntelligenceRiskOptimization

Stochastic Inventory Optimization with Coherent Risk Measures: A Decision-Theoretic Framework for Probabilistic Forecasting and Constrained Optimization

Lebede Ngartera, Saralees Nadarajah, Rodoumta Koina, Youssou Gningue

Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 19(3):173

Contribution. Unifies probabilistic demand forecasting, constrained newsvendor optimization, and coherent tail-risk evaluation through Conditional Value-at-Risk, linking calibrated quantile forecasts to operational decisions.
Forecasting

Quantile regression connects predictive distributions to order decisions.

Risk

CVaR evaluates adverse tail outcomes rather than average performance alone.

Operations

An end-to-end framework bridges prediction and constrained action.

2026January
Bayesian RAGFinancial QACalibration

Bayesian RAG: Uncertainty-Aware Retrieval for Reliable Financial Question Answering

Lebede Ngartera, Saralees Nadarajah, Rodoumta Koina

Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Volume 8

Contribution. Integrates epistemic uncertainty directly into retrieval through Monte Carlo Dropout and a risk-sensitive scoring function that balances semantic relevance against uncertainty in financial question answering.
Retrieval

Ranks evidence by relevance while penalizing uncertain representations.

Calibration

Evaluates whether confidence aligns with observed answer reliability.

Deployment

Designed for modular integration into existing RAG pipelines.

2025May
Bayesian Neural NetworksAutonomySafety

Enhancing Autonomous Systems with Bayesian Neural Networks: A Probabilistic Framework

Lebede Ngartera, Saralees Nadarajah

Frontiers in Built Environment, Volume 11

Contribution. Applies Bayesian neural networks to autonomous navigation so that predictive uncertainty can inform more conservative behavior under noisy sensing, changing weather, and unfamiliar traffic conditions.
Navigation

Uncertainty identifies conditions where deterministic confidence is unsafe.

Resilience

Probabilistic outputs support cautious behavior under degraded sensing.

Oversight

Decision confidence can be inspected and incorporated into safety controls.

2025May
Scam DetectionFraudHybrid Models

Hybrid Naïve Bayes Models for Scam Detection: Comparative Insights From Email and Financial Fraud

Lebede Ngartera, Mahamat Ali Issaka, Saralees Nadarajah

IEEE Access, Volume 13

Contribution. Compares interpretable Naïve Bayes methods with hybrid deep-learning and ensemble architectures across email phishing and highly imbalanced financial-fraud datasets.
Email

Evaluates detection of subtle phishing patterns in large email collections.

Transactions

Examines extreme class imbalance in credit-card fraud detection.

Interpretability

Balances predictive performance with models that remain understandable.

2024November
Healthcare AIBayesian Neural NetworksClinical Uncertainty

Application of Bayesian Neural Networks in Healthcare: Three Case Studies

Lebede Ngartera, Mahamat Ali Issaka, Saralees Nadarajah

Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, 6(4)

Contribution. Examines Bayesian neural networks across three healthcare cases to demonstrate how predictive performance and uncertainty estimates can be considered together in high-stakes clinical modeling.
Diabetes

Studies personalized prediction for treatment and HbA1c outcomes.

Alzheimer's

Explores early detection using clinical and genetic information.

Uncertainty

Compares probabilistic confidence with standard predictive approaches.

2024September
OptimizationBenchmarkingNon-convex Methods

A Comparative Study of Optimization Techniques on the Rosenbrock Function

Lebede Ngartera, Coumba Diallo

Open Journal of Optimization, Volume 13

Contribution. Benchmarks major optimization methods on the non-convex Rosenbrock function, comparing convergence behavior, stability, and gradient dynamics across difficult optimization landscapes.
Benchmark

Uses a difficult curved valley to expose optimizer behavior.

Comparison

Contrasts gradient descent, momentum, and adaptive methods.

Insight

Clarifies tradeoffs in convergence speed and stability.

Research progression

A coherent publication program

The record develops from optimization and Bayesian healthcare modeling toward uncertainty-aware retrieval, autonomous systems, fraud detection, decision intelligence, and evidence-governed AI.

2026

Evidence-governed generation and decision intelligence

BRAG, Bayesian RAG, and stochastic inventory optimization connect uncertainty, evidence, risk, and operational action.

2025

Safety, autonomy, and fraud detection

Research expands Bayesian reasoning and hybrid models into autonomous navigation, email scams, and financial fraud.

2024

Foundations in healthcare uncertainty and optimization

Bayesian neural networks and optimization benchmarks establish the methodological base for later high-stakes systems work.

Research areas

Where the work is concentrated

These areas reflect the themes represented in the publication record and TeraSystemsAI's broader research and engineering program.

Bayesian Machine Learning
Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence
Uncertainty Quantification
Evidence-Governed AI
Healthcare AI
Decision Intelligence
Autonomous Systems
Optimization and Risk
Research collaboration

Advance trustworthy AI with scientific discipline.

TeraSystemsAI works with researchers, institutions, public-interest organizations, and industry teams on uncertainty-aware systems, evidence governance, evaluation, and high-stakes decision support.

Discuss Collaboration